Which of the following depositional features would you look for to assess whether an area had undergone glaciation?

horns, aretes or cols
hanging valleys
terminal moraines
all of the above


Which of the following erosional features would you look for to assess whether an area had undergone glaciation?

horns, aretes or cols
hanging valleys
waterfalls
all of the above


Active continental glaciation may produce world-wide transgressions lasting several tens of millions of years?

yes
no


Glaciation forms by ___________ of snow.

burial and metamorphism of snow
melting and refreezing
erosion and deposition
precipitation and melting


Valley glaciers are also known as _________ glaciers.

lowland
upland
alpine
gorge


High latitudes are cold because ___________ .

there are fewer hours of sunlight than at the equator
there is more snow than at the equator
the angle between the Sun's rays and the Earth's surface is different than at the equator
the Earth's poles are further from the Sun than the Earth's equator


At the equator, at what altitude does the snow line lie?

less than 1000 meters
about 2500 meters
about 5000 meters
about 7500 meters


Which of the following lists is written in the order of increasing metamorphism?

snow ... granular ice ... firn ... glacial ice
snow ... firn ... glacial ice ... granular ice
snow ... firn ... granular ice ... glacial ice
snow ... granular ice ... glacial ice ... firn


Which of the following refers to the total amount of ice lost from a glacier each year?

meltage
accumulation
sublimation
ablation


The transformation from ice to gaseous water vapor is called _________ .

melting
sublimation
boiling
condensation


Which of the following is not a form of ablation?

melting
sublimation
calving
all of these are processes contributing to ablation


Cold, dry glaciers move ___________

mostly by plastic flow
mostly by basal slip
by both basal slip and plastic flow
by neither basal slip nor plastic flow


What is the name for an amphitheater-like hollow that forms at the head of a glacier?

kettle
moraine
cirque
horn


Which of the following can be used to determine the direction a continental glacier moved?

striations
roches mountonees
drumlins
all of these


In a continental glacier, ice flows ________ .

from the edges to the center
from the center to the edges
from north to south
from south to north


Varve deposits are formed when ________ is deposited in the summer and _____ is deposited in the winter

coarse silt ... fine clay
gravel ... sand
fine clay ... sand
coarse silt ... gravel


Which of the following agents of erosion deposits the most poorly sorted sediment?

wind
ice
streams
ocean currents


When two cirques at the heads of adjacent valleys meet at the mountaintop, the produce a sharp, jagged crest called a(n) __________ .

arete
fjord
drumlin
moraine


Which of the following are not water-laid deposits associated with glaciers?

moraines
kames
eskers
varves


Kettles are formed by ___________ .

meltwater streams running through glacial tunnels
large blocks of ice left by a glacier in its outwash plain
seasonal deposition of coarse and fine sediment
melting permafrost


During the peak of the last ice age, sea level was about ______ lower than sea level today.

1 meter lower
10 meters lower
100 meters lower
1000 meters lower


How many distinct glaciations affected North America during the Pleistocene?

one
two
three
four


The recent ice ages occurred during the ______ Epoch.

Pliocene
Permian
Pleistocene
Paleozoic


Widespread glacial erosion and sedimentation do not affect _________.

water discharge and sediment loads of major river systems
desertification of semi-arid lands
quantity of sediment delivered to the oceans
erosion and sedimentation in coastal areas on shallow continental shelves


Large masses of ice on land that show evidence of movement are called ______.

ice packs
glaciers
icebergs
all of these


Ice covers what percentage of the Antarctic continent?

50%
75%
90%
100%


A deposit of snow contains approximately 90% air. Glacial ice, which forms from snow, contains approximately _______ air.

90%
50%
25%
less than 20%


If accumulation exceeds ablation then _______..

the glacial ice will flow downhill but the end of the glacier will move uphill
the glacial ice will flow downhill and the end of the glacier will move downhill
the glacial ice will flow uphill and the end of the glacier will move uphill
the glacial ice will flow uphill but the end of the glacier will move downhill


Crevasses form because _________.

the glacial surface partially melts, leaving holes and cracks
glacial meltwater erodes small valleys as glacial rivers flow
low confining pressure at the surface causes cracks as the ice flows
a glacial calving process has not been completed




In this cross-section of a glacier, the arrows point to _______..

ablation surfaces
blocks of bedrock
crevasses
ice streams




If the relative length of the arrows represents relative speed of flow, the flow pattern shown here is most likely that of ____________..

a valley glacier
a continental glacier
either a valley glacier or a continental glacier
neither a valley nor a continental glacier


Striations or glacial groves would form __________ to the direction of movement shown above.

perpendicular
parallel
either perpendicular or parallel
all of the above


What is the term for a sudden period of fast movement of a valley glacier?

sublimation
surge
firn
drift




The cross-sectional diagram depicts a __________.

roche-moutonee
drumlin
kame
esker


A hanging valley is ____________.

a valley with more than three tributaries feeding into it.
a valley with many loose rocks in its walls ready for a landslide
a valley with its floor high above the main valley floor
a valley feeding into many fjords


Erratics are ___________.

cross beds which do not match the overall outwash cross-bedding scheme
large boulders deposited randomly by glaciers
valleys with glacial striations that oppose the striations in adjacent valleys
conflicting dates of glaciation obtained by dating organic matter found in glacial deposits


Which feature forms where two lateral moraines merge?

end moraine
medial moraine
ground moraines
eskers


Which of the following is a glacial deposit and not a glacial erosional feature?

a cirque
a moraine
an arete
a horn


Large, streamlined hills of till and bedrock that form in come areas subjected to continental glaciation are called _________.

aretes
kame
eskers
drumlins


Which of the following would be best for a sand and gravel pit?

arete
kame
varve
a drumlin


The Earth is expected to go back into a period of glaciation over the next ______ years.

100
1,000
10,000
100,000


Approximately how thick was the ice cap that covered northern North America during the last ice age?

300 meters
1,000 meters
3,000 meters
10,000 meters


The degree of ellipticity of Earth's orbit around the sun is called ______.

ellipticality
eccentricity
ovality
precession


Precession describes________.

the movement of ice sheets away from the poles
the movement of glacial ice through winding valleys
the wobble of the Earth's axis of rotation
the changes in climate as the Earth warms or cools


The Little Ice Age of 1400-1650 AD is characterized as such in part because______.

the Red Sea froze over
the Baltic Sea froze over
the Dead Sea froze over
the Atlantic Ocean froze over

Try these fill-in-the blanks

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