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zero for a molecule and the ionic charge for an ion.

• So far, resonance forms were equally mixed to give the resonance hybrid because the molecules/ions were symmetrical.

• When this is not the case, one resonance form may look more like the hybrid than another.

• Selecting the most important resonance form: determine each atom’s formal charge.

• Formal charges must sum to the actual charge on the species:

Concept 10-3. The meaning of formal charge and how it is used to select

the most important resonance structure

Skill 10-3. Calculating the formal charge of an atom in a molecule or ion

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