Syllabus and Readings
Psychology 7322: Issues in Community Psychology:
Treating Serious Mental Illness in the Community
Spring, 2004
Dale L. Johnson,
Ph.D.
Professor
Office: Room 1006, Clinic Building (CRS).
Telephone:
On
campus: 713-743-8612
Home: 505-758-7962 (use this one)
Objectives
1. To understand the role and functions of community psychology,
especially in the treatment and rehabilitation of persons with serious mental
illnesses.
2. To understand serious mental illnesses, the
impact on the lives of those afflicted, and best treatments.
3. To develop the understanding and skills
necessary to work effectively with families of people with serious mental
illnesses.
Explanation
In this
distance learning course readings will be assigned and questions will be asked
bout them. You are to reply via the internet, and I will read your essays and
return them to you. To simulate class discussion you should send your essays to
all members of the class. It is possible that we will have some chat group
format session, if all systems are operational.
Reports
will be due on Mondays as assigned.
Note 1.
This course will deal with treatment and rehabilitation in the community. We
will not consider institutions, prisons or jails.
Note 2. The
emphasis will be on evidence-based treatment seasoned with a few political and
practical issues.
Note 3. In
the bibliography below I have marked some items with *. I will send you via
e-mail copies of these articles.
Textbooks
Mueser, K. T., & Glynn, S. M. (1999). Behavioral family therapy for psychiatric disorders. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
Hogarty, G. E. (2003). Personal therapy for schizophrenia & related disorders: a guide to individualized treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Isaac, R. J., & Armat, V. C. (1990). Madness in the streets: How psychiatry and the law abandoned the mentally ill. New York: Free Press. (This is out of print. Check the libraries, including the Houston Main Library, and used book stores)
Hogan, M.
(Ed.) (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in
America. WWW.MentalHealthCommission.gov.
World
Health Organization (2001). The world health report, 2001: mental health,
new understanding, new horizons. Geneva: World Health Organization (www.who.int).
________________________________________________________________________
Syllabus
________________________________________________________________________
Date Topic
________________________________________________________________________
1/26 A brief
history of community psychology and the treatment of serious mental illness.
2/2 Medications
and mental illness.
2/9 The Optimal
Treatment Program.
2/16 Case
Management and the Program for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT)
2/23 Current
Treatment in the Community.
3/1 Social
Skills Training
3/8
Psychotherapy
3/15 Spring Break
3/22
Neurocognitive Rehabilitation
3/29 Vocational
Rehabilitation
4/5 Housing, Homelessness, Dual Diagnosis and
Some Legal Issues
4/12 Introduction
to Families of People with Serious Mental Illnesses.
4/16-18 Workshop on Falloon's and McFarlane's Family
Psychoeducation Programs
4/26 Community
Mental Health Center Cases
5/3 Feedback and
Wrap-up
________________________________________________________________________
Readings
Note:
* means I will e-mail this to you and all should read these.
# means everyone should read these, but you will have to
find them in the libraries.
The
readings in this section will most likely be assigned in a reasonable way for
reports. However, there may be changes in some areas. If I decide an items
should be omitted or another added I will let you know via the internet.
1/26 A brief
history of community psychology and the treatment of serious mental illness.
All
read Madness in the streets by
Rael and Isaac. This book is a brief political history of the community mental
health movement. Read and write a brief report on the chapters I will assign to
you. Your report should include some consideration of the implications of this
history for current treatment planning. Your reports are due 1/26.
General Reviews of the Field
*Johnson, D. L. (1997). Overview of
serious mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 247-257.
2/2 Medications
and mental illness.
*Spaulding, W., Johnson, D. L.,
& Coursey, R. D. (2001). Psychopharmacology and schizophrenia. In M.
Sammons & N. B. Schmidt (Eds.) Combined
treatments for mental disorders: a guide to psychological and pharmacological
interventions (pp. 161-190). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association Press.
Frances, A., Docherty, J. P., &
Kahn, D. A. (1996). The expert consensus series: Treatment of schizophrenia. Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry, 57 (Suppl. 12B), 2-58.
#Wirshing, D. A., Wirshing, W. C., Marder, S. R., et al. (1999). Atypical antipsychotics: a practical review. Mental Health Forum. Medscape Mental Health. www.medscape/mentalhealth/1999/vo2/
Ballus, C. (1997). Effects of antipsychotics on the clinical and psychosocial behavior of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 28, 247-255.
Meyer, P. S., Bond, G. R., Tunis, S. L., & McCoy, M. L. (2002). Comparison between the effects of atypical and traditional antipsychotics on work status for clients in a psychiatric rehabilitation program. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 108-116.
Zygmunt, A., Olfson, M., Boyer, C.
A., & Mechanic, D. (2002). Interventions to improve medication adherence in
schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1653-1664.
Status of People with SMI today.
Etiological theories--psychodynamic
to biobehavioral. Why theory of etiology matters.
Are
schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and major depression brain diseases?
Are
medications Effective for Serious Mental Illnesses?
Do
Medications Cause Cognitive Deficits?
(Read
Schizophrenia as a brain disease. This paper was published 10 + years ago. Does it seem at all relevant today? How
should it be up-dated? Due 2/8
2/9 The Optimal
Treatment Program.
There is an
emerging consensus about the structure and function of community treatment and
this comes together in what Falloon has called "The Optimal Treatment
Program."
#Falloon, I. R. H., et al. (1999). Optimal treatment for psychosis in an International Multisite Demonstration Project. Psychiatric Services, 50, 615-618.
Falloon, I.
R. H., Held, T., Roncone, R., Coverdale, J. H., & Laidlaw, T. M. (1998).
Optimal treatment strategies to enhance recovery from schizophrenia. Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 43-49.
*Johnson, D. L. (1994). Quality
services for the mentally ill: Why psychology and the National Alliance for the
Mentally Ill need each other. In D. T. Marsh (Ed.) New directions in the
psychological treatment of serious mental illnesses (pp. 31-49). Westport,
CT: Praeger.
*Johnsson,
J., & Malm. U. (2001). The social network resource group: a major
ingredient for recovery in severe mental illness. In H. P. Lefley & D. J.
Johnson (Eds.) Family interventions: International perspectives.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Publications.
#Mueser, K. T., Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (2001). Community-based treatment of schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders: treatment outcomes? Medscape Mental Health, 6 (1). URL: www.medscape.com/Medscape/psychiatry/journal/2001/v06.n01/mhl3418.mues/pnt-mh3418.mues.html
Baronet,
A.-M., & Gerber, G. J. (1998). Psychiatric rehabilitation: efficacy of four
models. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 189-228.
Gardner, W. I., & Hunter, R. H. (no date). The Multimodal Functional Model enhances treatment for people with serious mental illnesses. Unpublished paper. I will comment on it.
Corrigan, P. W., Williams, O. B., McCracken, S. G., Kommana, S., Edwards, M., & Brunner, J. (1998). Staff attitudes that impede the implementation of behavioral treatment programs. Behavior Modification, 22, 548-562.
Pies, R. (2000). The role of psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Times, March. Vol 17, Issue 3. www.mhsource.com/pt/p000317.html.
`
COMMUNITY SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Sroul, B.
A. (1986). Models of community support services: Approaches to helping persons with long-term mental illness.
National Institute for Mental Health. Washington: U. S. Government Printing
Office. (The ten functions listed below are considered the basic support
services necessary for persons with mental illness living in the community.)
1. LOCATION OF CLIENTS/OUTREACH
2. ASSISTANCE IN MEETING BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
3. MENTAL HEALTH CARE
4. 24-HOUR CRISIS ASSISTANCE
5. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND VOCATIONAL SERVICES
6.
REHABILITATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE HOUSING
7.
ASSISTANCE/CONSULTATION AND EDUCATION
8.
NATURAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS
9. GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES/PROTECTION OF CLIENT
RIGHTS
10. CASE MANAGEMENT
2/16 Case Management and the Program for Assertive
Community Treatment (PACT)
Case
management and medications comprise the basics of community treatment for the
SMI in America today, but all forms of case management are not equal. We will
search for quality.
Case
Management and PACT
#Mueser, K. T., Bond, G. R., Drake,
R. E., & Resnick, S. G. (1998). Models of community care for severe mental
illness: A review of research on case management. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24,
37-74.
Bond, G. R., McGrew, J. H., &
Fekete, D. M. (1995). Assertive outreach for frequent users of psychiatric
hospitals: a meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 22,
4-16.
Tyrer, P.
(2000). Are small case-loads beautiful in severe mental illness? British
Journal of Psychiatry, 177,386-387.
Case
Management
Chamberlain, R. & Rapp, C. A. (1991). A decade of case management:
a methodological review of outcome research. Community Mental Health
Journal, 27, 171-188.
Holloway, F., Oliver, N., Collins,
E., & Carson, J. (1995). Case management: a critical review of the outcome
literature. European Psychiatry, 10, 113-128.
Intagliata, J. (1982). Improving the quality of community care for the
chronically mentally disabled: The role of case management. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8, 655-674.
Modrein, M., Rapp, C. A. & Poertner,
J. (1988). The evaluation of case management services with the chronically ill.
Evaluation and Program Planning, 11, 307-314.
PACT
The PACT model has become one of the
most often used service delivery systems in the United States and in many other
countries. It was designed for and is most effective for the SMI subgroup of
individuals who do not keep appointments, do not take their medications and in
other ways are difficult patients. It has often demonstrated effectiveness in
preventing relapse. NAMI has endorsed them and urges their deployment.
For
Reports
Bond, G. R., Miller, L. D.,
Krumweid, R. D. & Ward, R. S. (1988). Assertive case management in three
CMHCs: A controlled Study. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39,
411-418.
Chandler, D., Meisel, J., McGowen,
M., Mintz, J., & Madison, K. 1996). Client outcomes in two model capitated
integrated service agencies. Psychiatric Services, 47, 175-180.
Curtis, J. L., Millman, E. J.,
Struening, E., & D'Ercole, A. (1992). Effect of case management on
rehospitalization and utilization of ambulatory cares services. Hospital and
Community Psychiatry, 43, 895-899.
Essock, S. M., & Kontos, N.
(1995). Implementing assertive community treatment teams. Psychiatric
Services, 46, 679-683.
Fekete, D. M., Bond, G. R., McDonel,
E. C., Salyers, M. P., Chen, A., & Miller, L. (1998). Psychiatric
Rehabilitation Journal, 21, 371-379.
Hoult, J. Reynolds, J.,
Charbonneau-Powis, M., Weekes,P,& Briggs, J. (1983). Psychiatric hospital
versus community treatment: The results of a randomised trial. Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 160-167.
Lehman, A. F., Dixon, L. B., Kerman,
E., & DeForge, B. (1997). A randomized trial of assertive community
treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 54, 1038-1043.
Marks, I. M., Connolly, J., Muijen,
M., Audini, B., McNamee, G., & Lawrence, R. E., (1994). Home-based versus
hospital-based care for people with serious mental illness. British Journal
of Psychiatry, 165, 179-194.
McGrew, J. H., Bond, G. R., Dietzen,
L. & Salyers, M. Measuring the fidelity of the implementation of a mental
health program model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62,
670-678.
Merson, S., Tyrer, P., Onyett, S.,
Lack, S., Birkett, P., Lynch, S., & Johnson, T., (1992). Early intervention
in psychiatric emergencies: a controlled clinical trial. Lancet, 339,
1311-1314.
Morse, G. A., Calsyn, R. J., Allen,
G., Tempelhoff, B., & Smith, R. (1992). Experimental comparison of the
effects of three treatment programs for homeless mentally ill people. Hospital
and community Psychiatry, 43, 1005-1010.
Morse, G. A., Calsyn, R. J.,
Klinkenberg, W. D., Trusty, M. L., Gerber, F., Smith, R., Tempelhoff, B., &
Ahmad, L., (1997). An experimental comparison of three types of case management
for homeless mentally ill persons. Psychiatric Services, 48, 497-503.
Rosenheck, R., Neale, M., &
Frisman, M., (1994). Issues in estimating the cost of innovative mental health
programs. Psychiatric Quarterly, 66, 1-23.
Solomon, P., & Draine, J.
(1995a). One-year outcomes of a randomized trial of case management with
seriously mentally ill clients leaving jail. Evaluation Review, 19,
256-273.
Solomon, P., & Draine, J.
(1995b). The efficacy of a consumer case management team: two-year outcomes of
a randomized trial. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 22,
135-146.
Stein, L. I., &
Test, M. A. (1980). An alternative to mental hospital treatment: I. conceptual
model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 37, 392-397.
Susser, E., Valencia, E., COnover,
S., Felix, A, Tsai, W.0Y., & Wyatt, R. J. (1997). Science and homelessness:
critical time intervention for mentally ill men. American Journal of Public
Health, 87, 256-262.
Test, M. A., & Stein, L. I.
(1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: III. Social cost. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 37, 409-412.
Other
McGrew, J. H., Bond, G. R.,
Dietzen, L., McKasson, M., & Miller, L. D. (1995). A multisite study of
client outcomes in assertive community treatment. Psychiatric Services, 46,
696-701.
Reynolds, I., & Hoult, J. E.
(1984). The relatives of the mentally ill: a comparative trial of
community-oriented and hospital-oriented psychiatric care. Journal of Nervous
& Mental Disease, 172, 480-489.
Stein, L. I. & Test, M. A. (1978). Alternatives to mental hospital treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
Tyrer, P. (2000). Are small
case-loads beautiful in severe mental illness? British Journal of Psychiatry,
177,386-387.
Weisbrod, B. A., Test, M. A., &
Stein, L. I. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: II. Economic
benefit-cost analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37,
400-405.
2/23 Current
Treatment in the Community.
These are currently popular forms of treatment, rehabilitation and/or service delivery and because they are in common use it is important that we know something about them. However, there is controversy about their empirical support and whether they should or should not be on lists of recommended modalities.
All read
Chapter 3 of Hogarty: Personal Therapy.
Day
hospital
Group
therapy
Nearly all SMI patients experience
some form of group psychotherapy. The method is less a specific form of
treatment than a way of delivering services. Thus, it may be behavioral,
psychodynamic, client-centered and so forth.
Cerbone, M.
J., Mayo, J. A., Cuthbertson, B. A., O'Connell, R. A. (1992). Group therapy as
an adjunct to medication in the management of bipolar affective disorder. Group,
16, 174-187.
Kanas, N.
(1993). Group psychotherapy with bipolar patients: A review and synthesis.
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 43, 321-333.
Kanas, N.
(1986). Group therapy with schizophrenics: a review of controlled studies.
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 36, 339-351.
Psychosocial
Clubhouses
Clubhouses
were developed to provide people with SMI opportunities for social interaction
and to prepare them vocationally. They provide a method for delivering
services.
Bond, G.,
Dincin, J., Setze, P., & Witheridge, T. (1984). The effectiveness of
psychiatric rehabilitation: A summary of research at Thresholds. Psychosocial
Rehabilitation Journal, 7, 6-22.
Cella, E.
P., Besancon, V., & Zipple, A. M. (1997). Expanding the role of clubhouses:
Guidelines for establishing a system of integrated day services. Psychiatric
Rehabilitation Journal, 21, 10-15.
Clubhouse Model (1992). The
Clubhouse Model: Special issue. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16
(October), entire issue.
Glasscote, R. M. et al (1971). Rehabilitating
the mentally ill in the community. Washington, D.C.: Joint Information
Service of the American Psychiatric Association.
Drop-in
Centers
Bond, G. R. (1994). The role of
drop-in centers in mental health services. Innovations & Research, 3,
46-47.
*Johnson, D. L. (1994). Drop-in
centers are a great idea, but do they work? Innovations & Research, 3,
43-44.
3/1 Social Skills
Training
That many people with SMI have great
difficulties in managing social relations is well-known. Today there is an
impressive body of information about how to improve these social skills.
Benton, M. K. & Schroeder, H. E.
(1990). Social skills training with schizophrenics: a meta-analytic evaluation.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 741-747.
Dobson, D. J., McDougall, G., Busheikin, J., & Aldous, J. (1995). Effects of social skills training and social milieu treatment o symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 52, 376-380.
Glynn, S., et al., (2002).
Supplementing clinic-based skills training with manual-based community support
sessions: effects on social adjustment of patients with schizophrenia. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 829-837.
Heinssen, R. K., Liberman, R. P.,
& Kopelowicz, A. (2000). Psychosocial skills training for schizophrenia:
lessons from the laboratory. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 21-46.
Halford, W. K. & Hayes, R.
(1991). Psychological rehabilitation of chronic schizophrenic patients: Recent
findings on social skills training and psychoeducation. Clinical Psychology
Review, 11, 23-44.
Hayes, R. L., Halford, W. K., & Varghese, F. T.
(1995). Social skills training with chronic schizophrenic patients: Effects on
negative symptoms and community functioning. Behavior Therapy, 26,
433-449.
Kopelowicz, A., Liberman, R. P.,
Mintz, J., & Zarate, R. (1997). Comparison of efficacy of social skills
training for deficit and nondeficity negative symptoms in schizophrenia. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 424-425.
Liberman, R. P., Wallace, C. J.,
Blackwell, G., Kopelowicz, A., Vaccaro, J. V., & Mintz, J. 1998). Skills
training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent
schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1087-1091.
Marder, S. R., Wirshing, W. C., Mintz, J., McKenzie, J., Johnston, K., Eckman, T. Lebell, M., Zimmerman, K., & Liberman, R. P. (1996). Two-year outcome of social skills training and group psychotherapy for outpatients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1585-1592.
Roder, V., et al. (2002). Development
of specific social skills training programmes for schizophrenic patients:
results of a multicentre study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 363-371.
Wallace, C. J., Nelson, C. J., Liberman, R. P., Aitchison, R. A., Lukoff, D., Elder, J. P., & Ferris, C. (1980). A review and critique of social skills training with schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 42-63.
And for a critical view:
Pilling, S. et al. (2002). Psychological treatments in schizophrenia:
II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and
cognitive remediation. Psychological
Medicine, 32, 783-791.
Patient Education
Eckman, T. A., Wirsching, W. C., Marder, S. R., Liberman, R. P.,
Johnston-Cronk, Zimmerman, K., & Mintz, J. (1992). Technique for training
schizophrenic patients in illness self-management: a controlled trial. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1549-1555.
Eckman, T. A., Liberman, R. P., Phipps, C. C., & Blair, K. E.
(1990). Teaching medication management skills to schizophrenic patients. Journal
of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 33-38.
3/8 Psychotherapy
See
the section on background reading below for references pertaining to early
experiments with psychotherapy for schizophrenia.
Supportive Psychotherapy
This is a fundamental form of
psychotherapy and is appropriate for many clients.
Kates, J. & Rockland, L. H.
(1994). Supportive psychotherapy for the schizophrenic patient. American
Journal of Psychotherapy, 48, 543-561.
Mendel, W. M. (1989). Treating
schizophrenia. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Novalis, P. N., Rojcewicz, S. J.,
& Peele, R. (1993) Clinical manual of supportive psychotherapy.
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Rockland, L. H. (1993). A review of
supportive psychotherapy, 1986-1992. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44,
1053-1060.
Cognitive
Behavior Therapy
We will discuss cognitive-behavior therapy in this course, but see
references for psychodynamic therapy later in the reading list.
Affective
Disorders
Beck, A. T., Rush, J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1987). Cognitive
therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
Rehm, L. P. (1984). Self-management therapy for depression. Advances
in Behaviour Therapy and Research, 6, 83-98.
Ramirez
Basco, M., & Rush, J. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar
disorder. New York: Guilford.
Reisch, T., Thommen, M., Tschacher, W., Hirsbrunner, H.
P. (2001). Outcomes of a cognitive-behavioral day treatment program for a
heterogeneous patient group. Psychiatric Services, 52, 970-972.
Schizophrenia
Bouchard, S., Vallieres, A., Roy, M.-A., & Maziade,
M. (1996). Cognitive restructuring in the treatment of psychotic symptoms in
schizophrenia: a critical analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27, 257-277.
Buchkremer, G., Klingberg, S. Holle, R., Schulze, M. H.,
& Hornung, W. P. (1997). Psychoeducational psychotherapy for schizophrenic
patients and their key relatives or caregivers: results of a 2-year follow-up. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 483-491.
Chadwick, P., Sambrooke, S., Rasch, S., & Davies, E.
(2000). Challenging the omnipotence of voices: group cognitive behavior therapy
for voices. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 993-1003.
Daniels, L. (1998). A group cognitive-behavioral and
process-oriented approach to treating the social impairment and negative symptoms
associated with chronic mental illnesses. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice
and Research, 7, 167-176.
Drury, V., Birchwood, M., Cochrane, R. (2000). Cognitive
therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 8-14.
*Drury, V. (1999). Follow-up study of CBT in acute schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia Conference. Beck Institute, Philadelphia, PA.
Drury, V., Birchwood, M., Cochrane, R., & MacMillan,
F. (1996). Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled
trial. I. Impact on psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169,
593-607.
Drury, V., Birchwood, M., Cochrane, R., & MacMillan,
F. (1996). Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled
trial. II. Impact on recovery time.British Journal of Psychiatry, 169,
602-607.
Garety, P. A., Kuipers, L., Fowler, D., Chamberlain, F.,
& Dunn, G. (1994). Cognitive behavioural therapy for drug-resistant
psychosis. British Medical Journal,67, 259-271.
Garety, P. A., Fowler, D., Kuipers, L., Freeman, D.,
Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., Hadley, C., & Jones, S. (1997). London-East
Anglia randomised controlled trial of
cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. II. Predictors of outcome. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 420-426.
Haddock, G., Morrison, A. P., Hopkins, R., Lewis, S.,
& Tarrier, N. (1998). Individual cognitive-behavioural interventions in
early psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172 (Suppl. 33),
101-106.
Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Spaulding, W., Yusupoff, L.,
Kinney, & McCarthy, E. (1998). Individual cognitive-behavior therapy in the
treatment of hallucinations and delusions: a review. Clinical Psychology
Review, 18, 821-838.
Halperin, S., Nathan, P., Drummond, P., & Castle, D.
(2000). A cognitive-behavioural group-based intervention for social anxiety in
schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34,
809-813.
Hogarty, G. E. All Read The Rest of The Book. You can
skip the following three by Hogarty.
Hogarty, G. E., Kornbluth, S. F., Greenwald, D., DiBarry,
A. L., Cooley, S., Flesher, s., Reiss, D., Carter, M., & Ulrich, R. (1995).
Personal therapy: a disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 21, 389-393.
Hogarty, G. E., Kornblith, S. J., Greenwald, D., DiBarry,
A. L., Cooley, S., Ulrich, R. F., Carter, M., & Flesher, S. (1997a).
Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with
or independent of family, I: description of study and effects on relapse rates.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1504-1513.
Hogarty, G. E., Greenwald, D., Ulrich, R. F., Kornblith,
S. J., DiBarry, A. L., Cooley, S., Carter, M., & Flesher, S. (1997b).
Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with
or independent of family, II: Effects on adjustment of patients. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1514-1524.
Jenner, J. A., & van de Willige, G. (2001). HIT,
hallucination focused integrative treatment as early intervention in psychotic
adolescents with auditory hallucinations: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavica, 103, 148-152.
Jenner, J. A., van de Willige, G., & Wiersma, D.
(1998). Effectiveness of cognitive therapy with coping training for persistent
auditory hallucinations: a retrospective study of attenders of a psychiatric
out-patient department. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 384-389.
Kuipers, E., Garety, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G.,
Bebbington, P., Freeman, D., & Hadley, C. (1997). London-East Anglia
randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosisI: Effects of the treatment phase. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171,
319-327.
Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Garety, P., Chisholm, D.,
Freeman, D., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., Hadley, C. (1998). London-East Anglia
randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis.
III. Follow-up and economic evaluation at 18 months. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 173, 61-68.
Pinto, A., La Pia, S., Mennella, R., Giorgio, D., &
DeSimone, L. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and clozapine for clients
with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 50,
901-904.
Sensky, T., Turkington, D., Kingdon, D., Scott, J. L.,
Scott, J., Siddle, R., O'Carroll, M, & Barnes, T. R. (2000). A randomized
controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for persistent symptoms in
schizophrenia resistant to medication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57,
165-172.
Svensson, B., Hansson, L., Nyman, K. (2000). Stability of
outcome in a comprehensive, cognitive therapy based treatment programme for
long-term mentally ill patients: a two-year follow-up study. Journal of
Mental Health (UK), 9, 51-61.
Tarrier, N. (1992a). Management and modification of
residual positive symptoms. In M. Birchwood & N. Tarrier (Eds.) Innovations
in the psychological management of schizophrenia. Chichester: Wiley &
Sons.
Tarrier, N. (1992b). Psychological treatment of positive
schizophrenia symptoms. In D. Kavanagh (Ed.) Schizophrenia: An overview and
practical handbook. London: Chapman and Hall.
Tarrier, N., Beckett,
R., Harwood, S., Baker, A., Yusupoff, L, Ugarteburu, I.(1993). A trial
of two cognitive-behavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual
psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. Outcome. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 162, 524-532.
Tarrier, N., Kinney, C., McCarthy, E., Humphreys, L.,
Wittkowski, A., & Morris, J. (2000). Two-year follow-up of
cognitive-behavioural therapy and supportive counseling in the treatment of
persistent symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 68, 917-822.
Tarrier, N., Sharpe, L., Beckett, R., Harwood, S., Baker,
A., Yusupoff, L. (1993). A trial of two cognitive-behavioural methods of
treating drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
II. treatment-specific changes in coping and problem-solving skills. Social
Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidiemiology, 28, 5-10.
Tarrier, N., Yusupoff, L., Kinney, C., McCarthy, E.,
Gledhill, A., Haddock, G., & Morris, J. (1998). Randomised controlled trial
of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic
schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 317, 303-307.
Tarrier, N., Wittkowski, A., Kinney, C., McCarthy, E.,
Morris, J., & Humphreys, L. (1999). Durability of the effects of
cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia:
12-month follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 500-504.
Turkington, D., & Kingdon, D. (2000).
Cognitive-behavioural techniques for general psychiatrists in the management of
patients with psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 101-106.
Wykes, T., Parr, A.-M., & Landau, S. (1999).Group
treatment of auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175,
180-185.
Background
Kingdon, D. G., & Turkington, D. (1991). The use of
cognitive behavioral therapy with a normalising rationale in schizophrenia:
preliminary report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 207-211.
Perris, C., & Skagerlind, L. (1994). Cognitive
therapy with schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(Suppl.
382), 65-70.
Reviews
Dickerson, F. B. (2000). Cognitive behavioral
psychotherapy for schizophrenia: a review of recent empirical studies. Schizophrenia
Research, 43, 71-90.
Garety, P. A., Fowler, D., & Kuipers, E. (2000).
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication resistant symptoms. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 26, 73-86.
Gould, R. A., Mueser, K. T., Bolton, E., Mays, V., &
Goff, D. (2001). Cognitive therapy for schizophrenia: an effect size analysis. Schizophrenia
Research, 48, 335-342.
Jones, C., Cormac, I., Mota, J., & Campbell, C.
(2000). Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database
Systems Review, (2): CD000524.
Norman, R. M., & Townsend, L. A. (1999).
Cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: a status report. Canadian
Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 245-252.
Rector, N., & Beck, A. T. (2001).
Cognitive-behavioral tharapy for schizophrenia: an empirical review. Journal
of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 278-287.
Manuals
Chadwick, P., & Trower, P. (1996). Cognitive
therapy for hallucinations, delusions and paranoia. Chichester: Wiley.
Fowler, D., Garety, P. A., & Kuipers, L. (1995). Cognitive
behavior therapy for psychoses: theory and practice. Chichester: Wiley.
3/15 Spring Break
3/22 Neurocognitive
Rehabilitation
Bellack, A. S., Mueser, K. T.,
Morrison, R. L., Tierney, A., & Podell, K. (1990). Remediation of cognitive
deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147,
1650-1655.
Brenner, H. D., Boker, W., Hodel, B., & Wyss, H.
(1989). Cognitive treatment of basic pervasive dysfunctions in schizophrenia
(pp. 358-367). In S. C. Schulz and C. A. Tamminga (Eds.) Schizophrenia:
Scientific progress. New York: Oxford University Press.
Corrigan, P., & Storzbach, D.
(1993). The ecological validity of cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia. Journal
of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 14-21.
Green, M. F. (1993). Cognitive
remediation in schizophrenia: Is it time yet? American Journal of
Psychiatry, 150, 178-187.
Hogarty, G. E., & Flesher, S.
(1999). Developmental theory for a Cognitive Enhancement Therapy of
schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 677-692.
Hogarty, G. E., & Flesher, S.
(1999). Practice principles of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 25, 693-708..
Spaulding, W. D., Reed, D.,
Sullivan, M., Richardson, C., & Weiler, M. (1999) .Effects of cognitive treatment in psychiatric
rehabilitation, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 657-676.
3/29 Vocational
Rehabilitation
The days of
the state vocational counselor have pretty much passed, except in day-to-day
practice in most states. Evidence-based methods are clearly superior to
test-and-assign methods of earlier times. New and better methods for vocational
rehabilitation have been developed. There are several such methods and each is
appropriate for different clients or in different rehabilitation settings.
Anthony, W., Cohen, M., & Farkas, M. (1990). Psychiatric
rehabilitation. Boston: Boston University Center for Psychiatric
Rehabilitation.
Azrin, N. H., & Besalel, V. B. (1979). Job club
counselor's manual: A behavioral approach to vocational counseling.
Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Azrin, N.
H. & Philip, R. A. (1980). The Job Club method for the job handicapped: a
comparative outcome study. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 23,
144-155.
Becker, D.
R., Smith, J., Tanzman, B., Drake, R. E., & Tremblay, T. (2001). Fidelity
of supported employment programs and employment outcomes. Psychiatric
Services, 52,. 834-836.
Bond, G. R. (1992). Vocational rehabilitation. In R. P.
Liberman (Ed.) Handbook of psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 244-275).
Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., Mueser, K. T., & Becker, D.
R. (1997). An update on supported employment for people with severe mental
illness. Psychiatric Services, 48, 335-346.
Cook, J. A., Pickett-Schenk, S. A., Grey, D., Banghart,
M., Rosenheck, R. A., & Randolph, F. (2001). Vocational outcomes among
formerly homeless persons with severe mental illness in the ACCESS program. Psychiatric
Services, 52, 1075-1080.
Cook, J.
A., & Razzano, L. (2000). Vocational rehabilitation for persons with
schizophrenia: recent research and implications for practice. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 26, 87-104.
Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J.,
Becker, D. R., Anthony, W. A., & Clark, R. E. (1996). The New Hampshire
study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 64, 391-399.
Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Bebout, R. R., Becker, D. R., Morris, M., Bond, G. R., & Quimby, E. (1999). A randomized clinical trial of supported employment for inner-city patients with severe mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 627-633.
Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., &
Bond, G. R. (2003). Recent research on vocational rehabilitation for persons
with severe mental illness. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 451-455. or
www.medscape.com/viewarticle/457726.
Fairweather, G. W., Sanders, D. H.,
Maynard, H., & Cressler, D. L. (1969). Community life for the mentally
ill: An alternative to institutional care. Chicago: Aldine.
Lehman, A.
F. (1995). Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 21, 645-656.
Marrone,
J., & Gold, M. (1994). Supported employment for people with mental illness:
myths and facts. Jornal of Rehabilitation, 18-47.
Rogers, E. S., Anthony, W., &
Jansen, M. A. (1988). Psychiatric rehabilitation as the preferred response to
the needs of individuals with severe psychiatric disability. Rehabilitation
Psychology, 33, 5-13.
4/5 Housing, Homelessness, Dual Diagnosis and Some Legal Issues
Housing
*Home, meaning of.
Evans, G.
W., Wells, N. M., Chan, H., & Saltzman, H. (2000). Housing quality and
mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,
526-530.
Friedrich,,
R. M., Hollingsworth, B., Hradek E., Friedrch, H., Culp, K. R. (1999). Family
and client perspectives on alternative residential settings for persons with
severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 50, 509-514.
Hanrahan,
P., Luchins, D. J., Savage, C., & Goldman, H.H. (2001). Housing
satisfaction and service use by mentally ill persons in community integrated
living arrangements. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1206-1209.
Newman, S.
J. (2001). Housing attributes and serious mental illness: implications for
research and practice. Psychiatric Services, 52,1309-1317.
Homelessness
Drake, R. E., Wallach, M. A., & Hoffman, J. S. (1989). Housing
instability and homelessness among aftercare patients of an urban state
hospital. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 46-51.
Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (1999). Who are "the
homeless"? Reconsidering the stability and composition of the homeless
population. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1334-1338.
Rossi, P. H., Wright, J. D., Fisher, G. A., & Willis, G. (1987).
The urban homeless: Estimating composition and size. Science, 235,
1336-1341.
Susser, E., Conover, S., & Streuning, E. L. (1989). Problems of
epidemiologic method in assessing the type and extent of mental illness among
homeless adults. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 261-265.
Dual
Diagnosis
Watkins, K.
E., Burnam, A., Kung, F., &
Paddock, S. (2001). A national survey of care for persons with
co-occurring mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services, 52,
1062- 1068.
Legal Issues
*Johnson, D. L. (1998). The right to
refuse medication: freedom and responsibility. Psychosocial Rehabilitation
Journal, 21, 252-254.
Monahan, J., Bonnie, R. J.,
Appelbaum, P. S., Hyde, P. S., Steadman, H. J., & Swartz, M. S. (2001).
Mandated community treatment beyond outpatient commitment. Psychiatric
Services, 52, 1198-1205.
Stone, A. A. (1976). Mental
health and law: A system in transition. (DHEW Publication No. ADM
76-176). USGPO.
Torrey, E. F., Stieber, J.,
Ezekiel, J., Wolfe, S. M., Sharfstein, M. J., Noble, J. H., & Flynn, L. M.
(1992). Criminalizing the seriously mentally ill: The abuse of jails as
mental hospitals. Arlington, VA: NAMI.
4/12 Introduction
to Families of People with Serious Mental Illnesses.
Burden
*Johnson, D. L. (1990). The
family's experience of living with mental illness. In H. Lefley & D. L.
Johnson (Eds.) Mental health professionals and families of the mentally ill.
Washington: American Psychiatric Association Press.
*Johnson, D. L. (1994). Current
issues in family research: Can the burden of mental illness be relieved? In H. Lefley and M. Wasow (Eds.), Helping
families cope with serious mental illness(pp. 309-328). New York: Breach
& Gordon
Organizations
You should
be familiar with NAMI (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill). You should
attend at least one NAMI meeting. There are several such groups in Harris
County. I will give you contact numbers later. I would like you to write a
brief report of your impressions of the meeting and have you send it to me.
(WWW.NAMI.ORG)
World
Fellowship for Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders. This organization helps
relatives of people with serious mental illness throughout the world form
groups. There are now about 50 member organizations. (WWW/World-schizophrenia.org).
MUTUAL SUPPORT GROUPS
Coleman, M. T. (1987). Mutual
support groups for families of the mentally ill. Marriage and Family Review,
11, 77-93.
Gartner, A. & Reissman, F.
(1984). The self-help revolution. New York: Human Sciences Press.
Greenblatt, M., Becerra, R. M.,
& Serafetinides, E. A. (1982). Social networks and mental health: An
overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 977-984.
Knight, B., Wollert, R. W., Levy,
L., Frame, C. L., & Padgett, V. P. (1980).Self-help groups: The members'
perspectives. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 53-65.
Levine, M. (1988). The analysis of
mutual assistance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16,
167-188.
Fawcett, S.
B., Fletcher, R. K., Mathews, R. M., Whang, P. L., Seekins, T., & Nielsen,
L. M. (1982). Designing behavioral
technologies with community self-help organizations. In A. M. Jeger & R. S.
Slotnick (Eds.) Community mental health and behavioral ecology. New York: Plenum.
Toro, P. A., Reischl,. T. M.,
Zimmerman, M. A., Rappaport, J. A., Seidman, E., Luke, D. A., & Roberts, L.
J. (1988). Professionals in mutual help groups: Impact on social climate and
members' behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56,
631-632.
Expressed Emotion
Jenkins, J.
H., % Karno, M. (1992). The meaning of expressed emotion: theoretical issues
raised by cross-cultural research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149,
9-21.
Vaughn, C. E. & Leff, J. P.
(1976). The measurement of expressed emotion in families of psychiatric
patients. British Journal of Social
and Clinical Psychology, 15, 157-165.
For
family members
Bernheim, K.F., Lewine, R. R.,
& Beale, C. T. (1982). The
caring family: Living with chronic
mental illness. New York: Random
House.
Seeman, M. V., Littmann, S. K.,
Plummer, E., Thornton, J. R., & Jeffries, J. J. (1982). Living and working with schizophrenia.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Torrey, E. F. (1988). Surviving
schizophrenia: A family manual (2nd
ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Schizophrenia
Society of Canada. Schizophrenia: A handbook for families. URL:
www.psy.med.rug.nl/0030
Family Interventions
Family Consultation
Bernheim, K. F. (1982). Supportive
family counseling. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 8, 634-641.
Bernhein, K. F., & Lehman, A.
F. (1985). Working with families of the mentally ill. New York: Norton.
Bernheim, K. F. (1989). Psychologists and families of the severely
mentally ill: The role of family consultation. American Psychologist,
44, 561-564.
Weber, T. T., McDaniel, S. H., & Wynne, L. C. (1987). Helping more
by helping less: Family therapy and systems consultation. Psychotherapy,
24, 615-620.
Wynne, L. C., McDaniel, S. H.,
Weber, T. T. (1987). Professional politics and the concepts of family therapy,
family configuration, and systems consultation. Family Process, 26,
Family
Education
Abramowitz, I. A., & Coursey, R. D. (1989). Impact of an
educational support group on family participants who take care of their
schizophrenic relatives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57,
232-236.
Carpentier,
N., Lesage, A., Goulet, J., Lalonde, P., & Renaud, M. (1992). Burden of
care of families not living with young schizophrenic relatives. Hospital
& Community Psychiatry, 43, 38-43.
MacCarthy, B., Kuipers, L., Hurry,
J., & Harper, R., et al. (1989). Counseling the relatives of the long-term
mentally ill: I. Evaluation of the impact on relatives and patients. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 768-775.
Posner, C. M., Wilson, K. G., Kral,
M. J., Lander, S., & McIlwraith, R. D. (1992). Family psychoeducational
support groups in schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,
62, 206-218.
Smith, J. V., & Birchwood, M. J.
(1987). Specific and non-specific effects of educational intervention with
families living with a schizophrenic relative. British Journal of Psychiatry,
150, 645-652.
Vaughn, K.,
Doyle, M., McConaghy, N., Blaszxznski, A., Fox, A, & Tarrier, N. (1992).
The Sydney intervention trial: a controlled trial of relatives' counseling to
reduce schizophrenic relapse. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,
27, 16-21.
4/16-18 Workshop
on Falloon's Family Psychoeducation Program.
This
workshop is designed to provide an introduction to one of the most widely used
family psychoeducation programs. I have received training in Perugia, Italy,
from Falloon and would like to pass on what I have learned. This approach was
designed for families dealing with schizophrenia, but it has been used
subsequently with families involved with depression, bipolar disorder, eating
disorder and other forms of abnormal behavior. I think it is a basic treatment
modality and one that all clinical psychologists should be aware of and able to
carry out.
We will
begin on Friday evening at 6:30pm and conclude at 8:30. We will resume on
Saturday morning at 9:00 and conclude at 4:00. Bring lunch. Then we will start
at 9:00 on Sunday and stop when we are finished.
In
preparation for the workshop I would like you to read the research reports of
some of the Family Psychoeducation groups. Mainly, read the Mueser and Glynn
book listed at the top of the syllabus.
Family Psychoeducation
Reviews
of Family Methods
Goldstein, M. J. (1996).
Psycho-education and family treatment related to phase of a psychotic disorder.
International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 77-83.
Lam, D. H. (1991).
Psychoeducational family intervention in schizophrenia: Theoretical and
clinical implications. Psychological Medicine, 18, 893-909.
Schooler,
N. R., (1995). Integration of family and drug treatment strategies in the
treatment of schizophrenia: a selective review. International Clinical
Psychopharmacology, 10 (Suppl. 3), 73-80.
Strachan, A. M. (1986). Family
intervention for the rehabilitation of schizophrenia: Toward protection and
coping. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 678-698.
Pittsburgh Group
Anderson, C. M., Reiss, D. J.,
& Hogarty, G. E. (1986). Schizophrenia and the family. New York:
Guilford.
Hogarty, G. E., et al (1986). Family psychoeducation, social skills
training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of
schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 633-642.
Hogarty, G. E., et al., (1988). Dose of fluphenazine, familial
expressed emotion, and outcome in schizophrenia: Results of a two-year
controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 797-805.
Hogarty, G. E., Anderson, C. M., Reiss, D. J., Kornblith, S. J.,
Greenwald, D. P., Ulrich, R. F., & Carter, M. (1991). Family
psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the
aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. II. Two-year effects of a controlled study
on relapse and adjustment. Environmental-persoanl Indicators in the Course of
Schizophrenia (EPICS) Research Grpup. Archives of General Psychiatry,
48, 340-347.
Southern
California Group
Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L.,
& McGill, C. W. (1984). Family care of schizophrenia: A problem-solving
approach to the treatment of mental illness. New York: Guilford.
Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L.,
McGill, C. W., Razani, J., Moss, H.B., & Gilderman, A. M. (1982). Family
management in the prevention of exacerbations of schizophrenia, New England
Journal of Medicine, 306, 1437-1440.
Boyd, J. L., McGill, C. W., &
Falloon, I. R. H. (1981). Family participation in the community rehabilitation
of schizophrenics, Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 12, 629-632.
Falloon, I. R. H. (Ed.) (1984). Family
management of schizophrenia.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Falloon, I. R. H., McGill, C. W.,
Boyd, J. L., & Pederson, J. (1987). Family management in the prevention of
morbidity of schizophrenia: social outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Psychological
Medicine, 17, 59-66.
Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L.,
McGill, C. W., Williamson, M., Razzani, J., Moss, H. B., Gilderman, A. M.,
& Simpson, G. M. (1985). Family management in the prevention of morbidity
of schizophrenia: clinical outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 42, 887-896.
McGill, C. W., Falloon, I. R. H.,
Boyd, J. L., & Wood-Siverio, C. (1983). Family educational intervention in
the treatment of schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 934-938.
Vaughn, C. E., Snyder, K.S., Jones,
S., Freeman, W. B., & Falloon, I. R. H. (1984). Family factors in
schizophrenic relapse, Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1169-1177.
London
Group
Leff, J. & Vaughn, C. (1981).
The role of maintenance therapy and relatives' expressed emotion in relapse of
schizophrenia: A two-year follow-up. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 102-104.
Leff, J., Kuipers, L., Berkowitz,
R., Eberlein-Vries, R., & Sturgeon, D. (1982). A controlled trial of social
intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients, British Journal of
Psychiatry, 141, 121-134.
Berkowitz, R., Kuipers, L.,
Eberlien-Fries, R., I Leff, J. (1981). Lowering expressed emotion in relatives
of schizophrenics. In M. Goldstein
(Ed.) New developments in interventions with families of schizophrenics.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Berkowitz, R., Eberlein-Fries, R.,
Kuipers, L. & Leff, J. (1984). Educating relatives about
schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 10, 418-429.
Brown, G. W. & Birley, J. L. T.
(1969). Crises and life changes and the onset of schizophrenia. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,
9, 203-214.
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. T.,
& Wing, J. K. (1972). Influence of family life on the course of
schizophrenic disorders: A replication. British Journal of Psychiatry,
121, 241-258.
Brown, G. W., Monck, E. M.,
Carstairs, G. M., & Wing, J. K. (1962). Influence of family life on the
course of schizophrenic illness. British Journal of Preventive and Social
Medicine, 16, 55-68.
Leff, J. (1976). Schizophrenia and
sensitivity to the family environment. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 2, 566-574.
Vaughn, C. E. & Leff, J. P.
(1976). The influence of family and
social factors on the course of psychiatric illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 125-137.
Manchester Group
Tarrier, N. et al (1988). The community management of schizophrenia. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 532-542.
Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Vaughn, C., Bamrah, J. S., Porceddu,
K., Watts, S., & Freeman, H. (1988). The community management of
schizophrenia: A controlled trial of a behavioural intervention with families
to reduce relapse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 532-542.
Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Vaughn, C., Bamrah, J. S., Porceddu,
K., Watts, S., & Freeman, H. (1989). Community management of schizophrenia:
A two-year follow up of a behavioural intervention with families. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 625-628.
Tarrier, N., & Barrowclough, C. (1986). Providing information to
relatives about schizophrenia: Some comments. British Journal of Psychiatry,
149, 458-463.
Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Porceddu, K., & Fitzpatrick, E.
(1994). The Salford family intervention project: relapse rates of schizophrenia
at five and eight year. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 833-843.
Multiple
Family Groups
McFarlane, W. R., Lukens, E., Link,
B., Dushay, R., Deakins, S. A., Newmark, M., Dunne, E. J., Horen, B., &
Toran, J. (1995). Multiple-family groups and psychoeducation in the treatment
of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 679-587.
McFarlane, W. R. (1995). Psychoeducational multiple family groups:
Four-year relapse outcome in schizophrenia. Family Process, 34, 127-144.
McFarlane, W. R., Dushay,R. A., Stastny, P., Deakins, S. M., &Link,
B. (1996). A comparison of two levels of family-aided assertive community
treatment. Psychiatric Services,47, 744-750.
China
Zhang, M.,
Heqin, J., et al. (1993). Effectiveness of psychoeducation of relatives of
schizophrenia patients: a prospective cohort study in five cities in China. International
Journal of Mental Health, 22, 47-59.
Xiong, W.,
Phillips, M. R., Hu, X., Wang, R., Dai, Q., Kleinman, J., & Kleinman, A.
(1994). Family-baed intervention for schizophrenic patients in China: A
randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165,
239-247.
Holland
Linszen,
D., Dingemans, P., Van Der Does, J. W., Nugter, A., Scholter, P., Lenior, R.,
& Goldstein, M. J. (1996). Treatment, expressed emotion and relapse in
recent onset schizophrenic disorders. Psychological Medicine, 26,
333-342.
NIMH
Schooler, N. R., Keith, S. J., et al., (1997). Relapse and
rehospitalization during maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: The effects of
dose reduction and family treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 453-463.
4/26 Community Mental Health Center Cases
5/3 Feedback and
Wrap-up
Selected Background Readings
These are listed for background
reading only. They are not assigned for reports.
COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
The field of community psychology
has been reviewed in several times in the Annual Review of Psychology.
Kelly, J. G., Snowden, L. R., &
Munoz, R. F. (1977). Social and
community interventions, Annual Review of Psychology, 28,
323-361.
Bloom, B. L. (1980).
Social and community interventions, Annual Review of Psychology, 31,
111-142.
Iscoe, I. & Harris, L. C. (1984). Social and community interventions, Annual Review of
Psychology, 35, 333-360.
Gesten, E. L., & Jason, L. A. (1987). Social and community
interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 427-460.
Levine, M., & Toro, P. A., & Perkins, D. V. (1993).
Social and community interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 44,
525-558.
Repucci, N. D., Woodard, J. L., & Fried, C. S. (1999).
Social, community, and preventive interventions. Annual Review of
Psychology, 50, 387-418.
Research Using
Community Concepts and Methods
Frazer, M. W., Frazer, M. E., & Delewski, C. H. (1985). The
community treatment of the chronically mentally ill. Psychosocial
Rehabilitation Journal, 9, 36-40
Community Psychology
Textbooks
General
Jeger, A. M. & Slotnick, R. S. (Eds.) (1982). Community
mental health and behavioral-ecology: A handbook of theory, research, and
practice. New York: Plenum Press.
Levine, M., & Perkins, D. V. (1997). Principles of
community psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Psychiatric
Carling, P. J. (1995). Return to community: Building support
systems for people with psychiatric disabilities. New York: Guilford Press.
Mosher, L., & Burti, L. (1994). Community mental health: A
practical guide. New York: W. W. Norton.
PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS
MENTAL ILLNESSES
THE EXPERIENCE OF MENTAL ILLNESS:
Autobiographical Accounts
Leete, E. (1987). A patient's perspective on schizophrenia. In
A. B. Hatfield (Ed.). Families of the mentally ill: Meeting the
challenges. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Leete, E. (1988). A consumer perspective on psychosocial
treatment. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 12, 45-52.
Schizophrenia: The experiences of patients and families. Schizophrenia
Bulletin Special Issue, 1987. (Part I: The patient's perspective.)
Styron, W. (1991). Darkness visible.
Vonnegut, M. (1975). The eden express. New York: Bantam.
(This is a gem of a recollection of psychotic experience)
Endler, N. S. (1990). Holiday of darkness (Revised) Wall
& Thompson. (Endler was a personality psychologist in Canada (now
deceased). His comments on the role of ECT in his treatment are notable.)
Jamison, K. R. (1995). An unquiet mind. New York:
Vantage. (Another psychologist writes about her experiences in coping with
manic depression.)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1998). Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 73, 11-53.
Jablensky, A. (1997). The 100-year epidemiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 28, 111-125.
Jablensky, A. (2000). Epidemiology of schizophrenia: the global burden of disease and disability. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 250, 274-285.
Wiersma, D., Wanderling, J., Dragomirecka, E., Ganev, K., Harrison, G., An Der Heiden, W., Nenhuis, F. J., & Walsh, D. (2000). Social disability in schizophrenia: its development and prediction over 15 years in incidence cohorts in six European centres. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1155-1167.
Burnam, M. A., et al (1987).
Six-month prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans
and non-Hispanic whites in Los Angeles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44,
687-694.
Eaton, W. W., Holzer, C. E., Von
Korff, M., Anthony, J. C., Helzer, J. E., George, L., Burnam, A., Boyd, J. H.,
Kessler, L. G., & Locke, B. Z. (1984). The design of the Epidemiologic
Catchment Area surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 942-948.
Karno, M., et al (1987). Lifetime
prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans and
non-Hispanic whites in Los Angeles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44,
695-701.
Kessler, R., Myers, J. K., et al
(1984). Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 41, 959-967.
Regier, D. A., Myers, J. K., Kramer,
M., Robins, L. N., Blazer, D. G., Hough, R. L., Eaton, W. W., & Locke, B.
Z. (1984). The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 41, 934-941.
Robins, L. N., et al (1984).
Lifetime prevalence of specific paychiatric disorders in three sites. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 41, 949-958.
COURSE OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S.,
Breier, A. (1987). The Vermont Longitudinal Stdy of Persons with Severe Mental
Illness: I. Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 718-726.
II. Long-term outcome of
subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727-735.
DEVELOPMENTAL
Feinberg, I. (1982/1983). Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in
programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? Journal of Psychiatric
Research, 17, 319-334.
Weinberger, D. R. (1987). Implications of normal brain development
for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry,
44, 660-669.
GENETICS
Seife, C.
(2003). Breakthrough of the year: #2. Decoding mental illness. Science, 302,
2039.
STRESS
Lukoff, D., Snyder, K., Ventura, J. & Nuechterlein, K. H.
(1984). Life events, familial stress, and coping in the developmental course of
schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 10, 258-392.
Spring, B. & Coons, H. (1982). Stress as a precursor of
schizophrenia. In W. J. Neufeld (Ed.) Psychological
stress and psychopathology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cognitive
Deficits
Mohamed, S., Paulsen, J. S.,
O'Leary, D., Arndt, S., & Andreasen, N. (1999). Generalized cognitive
deficits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 749-754.
Practice
Guidelines and Evidence-Based Treatment
There are now several Guidelines or reviews of evidence-based
treatment. These are, by and large,
carefully considered sets of recommendations. They are not free of professional
turf-oriented biases, but this is easily recognized and taken into account.
These guidelines and reviews are an obvious starting point for any thinking
about treatment for people who have a serious mental illness.
Use your browser and go to
http://psychiatry.medscape.com/home/topics/psychiatry/directories/dir-PSY.PracticeGuide.html.
This source has much material on practice guidelines for psychiatric disorders.
Schizophrenia
American Psychiatric Association (1997). Practice guideline for
the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Washington. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 154(suppl.), 1-63.
Lehman, A. F., Thompson, J. W., Dixon, L. B., and Scott, J. E.
(Eds.) (1995). Schizophrenia: Treatment outcomes research. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 21, 561-676.
Affective Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Practice guideline for
the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 151(Suppl.12), 1-36.
Depression Guideline Panel (1993). Depression in primary
care: Volume 1. Detection and diagnosis. Clinical Practice Guideline Number
5. Rockville, MD: U .S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No.
93-0550.
Depression Guideline Panel (1993). Depression in primary
care: Volume 2. Treatment of major depression. Clinical Practice Guideline
Number 5. Rockville, MD: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication
No. 93-0550.
Rehabilitation
Carroll, K. M. (1997). Manual-guided
psychosocial treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 923-930.
Pharmacotherapy
Schizophrenia
Adityanjee, & Pelonero, A. L. (1995). Prescribing
risperidone. Psychiatric Services, 46, 291-292.
Blanchard, J. J., & Neale, J. M. (1992). Medication effects:
conceptual and methodological issues in schizophrenia research. Clinical
Psychology Review, 12, 345-361.
Bollini, P.,
Pampallona, S., Orza, M.J., Adams, M. F., & Chalmers, T. C. (1994).
Antipsychotic drugs: Is more worse? a meta-analyis of the published randomized
control trials. Psychological Medicine, 24, 307-316.
Cassens, G., Inglis, A.
K., Appelbaum, P. S., & Gutheil, T. G. (1990). Neuroleptics: Effects on
neuropsychological function in chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 16, 477-499.
Davis, J. M. (1975). Overview: Maintenance therapy in
psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132,
1237-1245.
Hansen-Grant, S., & Riba, M. B. (1995). Contact between
psychotherapists and psychiatric residents who provide medication backup. Psychiatric
Services, 46, 774-777.
Hogarty, G. E., Goldberg, S. C., Schooler, N. R., Ulrich, R. F.,
and the Collaborative Study Group. (1974). Drug and sociotherapy in the
aftercare of schizophrenic patients. II. Two-year relapse rates. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 31, 603-608.
Hogarty, G. E. (1993). Prevention of relapse in chronic
schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54 (3,suppl),
18-23.
Kerwin, R. W/ (1994). The mew atypical antipsychotics. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 142-148.
May, P. R. A., Tuma, H., Dixon, W. J. et al. (1981).
Schizophrenia: A follow-up study of the results of five forms of treatment. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 38, 776-784.
Menditto, A. A., Beck, N. C., Stuve, P., Fisher, J. A., Stacy,
M., Logue, M. B., & Baldwin, L. J. (1996). Effectiveness of clozapine and a
social learning program for severely disabled psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric
Services, 47, 46-51.
Wyatt, R. J. (1991). Neuroleptics and the natural course of
schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 325-351.
Depression
Kirsch, I., & Saperstein, G.
(1998). Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo. Prevention & Treatment,
1. [this is an online
journal.]
journals.apa.org/prevention/volume1/pre0010002a.html
Empirically-Based Psychotherapy
Hogarty, G. E., Goldberg, S. C., Schooler, N. R., Ulrich, R. F.,
and the Collaborative Study Group. (1974). Drug and sociotherapy in the
aftercare of schizophrenic patients. II. Two-year relapse rates. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 31, 603-608.
Lecompte, D. & Pelc, C. (1996). A cognitive-behavioral
program to improve compliance with medication in patients with schizophrenia. International
Journal of Mental Health, 25, 51-56.
Bipolar Disorder
Licht, R. W. (1998). Drug treatment of mania: a critical review.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97,
387-397.
Assessment Methods
General References
Bedell. J. R. (Ed.)
(1995). Psychological assessment and treatment of persons with severe mental
disorders. Taylor & Francis.
Ciarlo, J. A., Brown,
T. R., Edwards, D. W., Kiresuk, T. J., & Newman, F. L. (1986). Assessing
mental health treatment outcome measurement techniques. Series FN No. 9.
DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)86-1301. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Guy, N. (1976). ECDEU
assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Kane, R. A., Kane, R. L., & Arnold, S. (1985). Measuring
social functioning in mental health studies: Concepts and instruments. Mental
Health System Reports. DHHS Publication No. (ADM)85-1384. Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office.
Lyerly, S. B. (1973). Handbook of psychiatric rating scales.
National Institute for Mental Health, DHEW Publication No, (HSM) 73-9061.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1987). Measuring health: A
guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Ogles, B. M., Lambert, M. J. & Masters, K. S. (1996). Assessing
outcome in clinical practice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Rating Scales
Ciarlo, J. A., &
Reihman, J. (1977). The Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire:
Development of a multidimensional program evaluation instrument. In R. D.
Coursey, G. A. Specter, S. A. Murrell & B. Hunt (Eds.). Program
evaluation for mental health (pp. 131-167). New York: Grune & Stratton.
Griffith, R. (1973). A standardized assessment of the work
behavior of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123,
403-408. [form provided]
Lehman, A. F. (1996).
Measures of quality of life among persons with severe and persistent mental
disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 31, 78-88.
Katz, M. M., and
Lyerly, S. B. (1963).Methods for meauring adjustment and social behavior in the
community: I. Rationale description
discriminative validity and scale development.
Psychological Reports, 13, 502-535.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS). Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 13, 261-276.
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P. (1987).
Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for
schizophrenics. Psychiatric Research, 23,99-110.
Lukoff, D.,et al. (1986). Appendix A. Manual for Expanded Brief
Rating Scale (BPRS). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 594-602.
McGrew, J. H., Bond, G. R., Dietzen, L. et al. (1994). Measuring
the fidelity of implementation of a mental health program model. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 670-678.
Wallace, C. J.
(1986). Functional assessment in rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12,
604-624.
Weissman, M. M.,
Sholomskas, D., & John, K. (1981). The assessment of social adjustment. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 38, 1250-1258.
Self-Report
Measures
Corcoran, K. &
Fischer, J. (1999). Measures for clinical practice: Vol. 2. Adults. New
York: The Free Press.
Frisch, M. B.,
Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992). Clinical validation
of the Quality of Life Inventory: A measure of life satisfaction for use in
treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment, 4,
92-101.
Policy
Issues
Bigelow, D. A., & McFarland, B. H. (1989). Comparative costs
and impacts of Canadian and American payment systems for mental health
services. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 805-808.
THE COST OF SERIOUS MENTAL
ILLNESS-$$
Greenberg, P. E., Stiglin, L. E., Finkelstein, S. N. &
Berndt, E. R. (1993). The economic burden of depression in 1990. Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 405-454.
Latimer, E. A. (1999). Economic
impacts of assertive community treatment: a review of the literature. Canadian
Journal of Psychiatry, 44,443-454.
Wyatt, R. J.,& Henter, I. (1995). An economic evaluation of
manic-depressive illness-1991. Social Psychiatry and Epidemiology, 30,
213-219.
Wyatt, R. J., Henter, I., Leary, M. C. & Taylor, E. (1995).
An economic evaluation of schizophrenia-1991. Social Psychiatry and
Epidemiology, 30, 196-205.
TRAINING
Johnson, D. L. (Ed.)
(1990). Services needs of the
seriously mentally ill: Training implications for psychologists.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
Johnson, D. L.
(1992). Training psychologists to work with people with serious mental illness:
a survey of directors of clinical psychology training programs. Innovations
and Research, 1, 25-29.
Internet Resources
Here are a few links that may be
useful or at least interesting. These come with no special recommendation,
although marked with a + are especially good. Assume that the URLs begin with WWW
unless specified otherwise.
General source, links to other sites
+ schizophrenia.com/ami New York AMI; great source
healthguide.com
+ mentalhealth.org CMHS, KEN source
mentalwellness.com Janssen Pharm.
psy.med.rug.nl/0012 Groningen; DSM-IV, ICD
healthnews.net
anancyweb.com/pschiatry.html Lots of links
physiciansguide.com/specpsych.html Links
mbnet.mb.ca/scip/hl/index.html
Seniors health
mhsource.com
mentalhelp.net CMHCs
healthy-resources.com/awards/alta/html
yahoo.com/Full_coverage/health/mentalhealth_issues
priory.co.uk/psycont.htm Assessment, new drugs, and
more
Evidence-Based Treatment and
Guidelines
+ text.nem.nih.gov AHCPR evidence-based
psychiatry.ox.ac.uk/CEBMH Cochrane group
+ psychcentral.com/txmanual.htm APA Guidelines
cpa.medical-org/frames/pa_frame.html Canadian
+ york.ac.uk/inst/crd/info/htm Cochrane
shef.ac.uk/~scharr/ir/netting.html Cochrane
Organizations
nasmhpd.org NASMHPD State Directors
mhsource.com/narsad.html NARSAD
nami.org NAMI
umdnj.edu/pmevnts/familyorgs.html Family orgs.
nimh.nih.gov NIMH
apa.org Amer.
Psych. Assoc.
aps.org Amer. Psych. Soc.
www.world-schizophrenia.org World Fellowship for Schizophrenia and
Allied Disorders (WFSAD)
Assessment
ariel.uni.melb.edu.au/~lambertt/PANSS/PANSS_trained.html. PANSS training
psychologic.uni-bonn.de/kap/links/li_clas.htm