The Chinese Tradition
Confucianism and Taoism both posit the Tao ("the way"), the source of existence, necessity, order, and meaning (compare the Greek logos). The Tao is made up of yin and yang (the negative and positive principles).
Extent: Until the Communist Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism all prevailed throughout China. They continue to survive in China and to flourish in neighboring states.
Confucianism
Confucius taught a kind of humanism: "Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you"; "The measure of man is man"; "It is man that can make the Tao great, and not the Tao that can make man great".
Canon: "the Five Classics and Four Books", including the Analects (sayings and dialogs recorded by Confucius' disciples) and the I Ching (the Book of Changes).
Confucian Temples [temple links begin in 6th paragraph]
Taoism
Whereas Confucians believe that the Tao is something for humans to improve upon, Taoists believe that the Tao is something for humans to submit to. They say nature cannot be forced or hurried. If you're wise, you'll follow the flow; you'll accept, not resist. (Compare the Jedi Knights and some of the martial arts -- turning your enemies' force against them.)
Canon: the Tao-te-Ching (Legge edition) / (Merel edition) / (McDonald edition)