Lecture 22: The agenda of hero cult as transformed into the social agenda of the City State
Focus Passages
More Resources


 

Focus Passages

A) Aeschylus, Agamemnon 264-314
Clytemnestra: As herald of gladness, with the proverb, 265 "May Dawn be born from her mother Night!" You shall hear joyful news surpassing all your hopes: the Argives have taken Priam's town! …

Chorus: And what messenger could reach here with such speed?

Clytemnestra: Hephaistos, from Ida speeding forth his brilliant blaze. Beacon passed beacon on to us by courier-flame: Ida, to the Hermaian crag in Lemnos; to the mighty blaze upon the island succeeded, third, 285 the summit of Athos sacred to Zeus; and, soaring high aloft so as to leap across the sea, the flame, travelling joyously onward in its strength...

…until it swooped down when it reached the lookout, near to our city, upon the peak of Arakhnaion; and 310 next upon this roof of the Atreidae it leapt, this very fire not undescended from the Idaean flame. Such are the torch-bearers I have arranged - in succession one to the other completing the course; and the victor is he who ran both first and last.

B) Aeschylus, Eumenides 106-139
Ghost Of Clytemnestra: You really have lapped up many of my libations - wineless libations, offerings unmixed with wine for the dead, and I have offered solemn nocturnal banquets upon a hearth of fire at a time [hôrâ] not shared with any other god. 110 I see all this trampled under foot. He is gone, escaping like a fawn, lightly like that, from the middle of a place surrounded with snares. He rushed out mocking you…

Chorus: Catch him! Catch him! Catch him! Catch him! Take heed!

Ghost Of Clytemnestra: In a dream you are hunting your prey, and are barking like a dog after a scent, never leaving off the pursuit. What are you doing? Get up; do not let ponos overcome you, and do not ignore my misery because you have given in to sleep. 135 Sting your heart with reproaches that have dikê; for reproach goads those who are sôphrones. Send after him a gust of bloody breath, waste him with the vapor, with the fire from your guts - after him! - waste him with a second chase.

C) Aeschylus Eumenides 854-869
[The goddess Athena is speaking to the Erinyes, who are to be transformed by the "charter myth" into the Eumenides:] And you, if you have a seat of tîmê at the house of Erekhtheus, will be honored by a multitude of men and women and you will have more honor than you would ever have from other mortals. So do not set on my land whetstones that hone my peoples' desire for bloodshed, harmful to young hearts, crazed with passions not of wine; and do not make my people like fighting-cocks so that they kill each other in bold, internecine war. Let there be war from abroad, and without stint, wars that bring a fierce desire for good kleos; but I say there will be no bird-fights in my abode [oikos]. I make it possible for you to choose to do good and to be treated [paskhô] well and with good tîmê, to share in this land that is most philê to the gods.

D) Aeschylus Eumenides 698-710
I advise my citizens not to support and respect anarchy or tyrannical oppression, and not to drive all fear out of the city. For who among mortal men, if he fears nothing, behaves with dikê? If you with dikê fear reverence, you will have a defense for your land and the salvation [sôtêriâ] of your polis, such as none of mankind has, either among the Scythians or in Pelops' realm. I establish this tribunal, andit will be untouched by desire for profit, worthy of reverence, quick to anger, a guard of the land, awake on behalf of those who sleep. I have given you advice, my citizens, at length about the future; but now you must rise, take a ballot, and make a decision [diagnôsis] about the case [dikê] under the sacred obligation of your oath. The word has been spoken.

E) Aeschylus, Eumenides 794-836
Chorus: Younger gods, you have ridden down the ancient laws [nomos] and snatched them from my hands! And I, wretched, deeply angry, and without tîmê in this land, alas, I will let venom fly from my heart, venom that brings sorrow [penthos] in return for penthos, drops of venom that the land cannot endure. A blight will come from the venom that destroys leaves and destroys children, a blight that speeds over the plain and casts pollution on the land to destroy mortals. Dikê, Dikê! I groan. What shall I do? I am the laughing-stock of the citizens. I have suffered [paskhô] unbearably. Ah, unfortunate daughters of Night, you have the sorrow [penthos] of a great blight on your tîmê!

Athena: Be persuaded by me not to bear the decision with heavy grief. For you are not defeated; the trial [dikê] resulted in an equal vote, which is in truth [alêtheia] no blight on your timê, since clear testimony from Zeus was available, and the one who spoke the oracle gave evidence proving that Orestes should not suffer harm, despite his actions. Do not be angry, do not hurl your heavy rage on this land, do not make the land fruitless, letting loose your heart's poison with its fierce sharpness that eats away the seeds. For I do promise you with all dikê that you shall have sanctuaries and sacred hollows in this land of dikê, where you will sit on bright thrones at your hearths, worshipped with tîmê by the citizens here…

You are not without timê, goddesses, so do not be moved by your excessive rage to make the land cursed for mortals. I also rely on Zeus - what need is there to mention that? - and I alone of the gods know the keys to the house where his thunderbolt is kept safe. But there is no need of it. So be obedient to me and do not make empty threats against the land; do not threaten that all things bearing fruit will not prosper. Calm the dark waves of your bitter passion, now that you are honored with reverence and abide [oikeô] together with me; when you have the first-fruits of this great land as burnt sacrifices on behalf of children and of conjugal rites [telos pl.], you will approve my words forever.

F) Aeschylus, Eumenides 903-915
Sing hymns that are not about evil victory, but hymns of the land and the waters of the sea and the heavens; and sing that the gusts of wind will blow over this land in the sun, and that the fruit of the earth and offspring of the beasts of the field will flourish abundantly for my citizens and will not fail in the course of time, and that there will be the salvation [sôtêriâ] of human seed. May you be ready to weed out those who do not worship well; for I, like a gardener, cherish the race [genos] of these dikaioi people, exempt as it is from sorrow [penthos]. These are your duties. I will not stand for it if this polis, which is victorious in well-known martial contests [agônes], is not honored among mortals
.


More Resources

Review the glossary essay on tîmê, which discusses the role of cult honors in the resolution of the Oresteia.