SMOOTH SAILING: ‘CRUISE SHIP VIRUS’
TACKLED BY UH, BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
Engineers Research Simpler Ways to Detect Norwalk Virus
at Dock or in Doctor’s Office with NIH Grant
HOUSTON, July 18, 2006 – You’re on vacation, having
fun sailing the seven seas, when your stomach starts rolling worse
than the waves. Before you know it, nausea and vomiting have replaced
shuffle board and sun-bathing.
Unfortunately, it’s a scenario that’s becoming increasingly
common on cruise ships. So common, in fact, that the National Institutes
of Health’s Western Regional Center of Excellence (RCE) for
Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases awarded a two-year $280,000
grant to a pair of University of Houston professors who are studying
what has commonly been dubbed the “Cruise Ship Virus.”
This RCE is part of a national network of 10 other centers that
support research focused on countering threats from bioterror agents
and emerging infectious diseases. Each is comprised of a consortium
of universities and complementary research institutions serving
a specific geographical region. UH and the Baylor College of Medicine
(BCM) are part of region VI, encompassing institutions in Texas,
New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana.
The centers, located throughout the United States, are building
and maintaining a strong scientific infrastructure to support multifaceted
research and development activities that promote the next generation
of therapeutics, vaccines and diagnostics for Category A, B and
C pathogens posing threats as agents of bioterrorism.
The two faculty members from UH’s Cullen College of Engineering
– Paul Ruchhoeft, assistant professor of electrical and computer
engineering, and Richard Willson, professor of chemical engineering
– are working with Dr. Robert L. Atmar, associate professor
of medicine, molecular virology and microbiology, from the Baylor
College of Medicine to combat the Norwalk virus.
This insidious, highly infectious disease is an intestinal illness
that causes nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and stomach cramps. The research
conducted at UH and BCM may save a number of people from a vacation
nightmare through the creation of a quick, accurate test for the
“Cruise Ship Virus.” One of the difficulties in treating
Norwalk is that it is very hard to diagnose with traditional methods.
“The current tests take a long time,” Ruchhoeft said.
“If we can build a diagnostic tool that mimics something like
the pregnancy test in speed and ease of use, we could create a platform
for rapid detection of this virus and other pathogens.”
The tool Ruchhoeft and Willson are building will rely on the disease
protein/antibody relationship that occurs in the human body. As
with all diseases, when an individual is infected with the Norwalk
virus, the human immune system creates antibody proteins that bond
only with proteins that are specific to that disease.
Under Ruchhoeft and Willson’s plan, a biological sample from
a suspected Norwalk victim will be placed on a glass slide covered
with Norwalk antibodies provided by BCM. An attempt will be made
to wash away the sample, but if the virus is present in the sample,
it will bond with the antibody and remain on the slide.
The next step of the test relies on retroreflectors, specially designed
cubes that reflect light back to its point of origin, that are used
on the macroscale for items such as reflective vests and lane markers
on roads. Ruchhoeft, however, will create retroreflectors that measure
just a few micrometers wide.
Three sides of the reflectors will be covered with reflective material
and will be populated with the Norwalk antibody. These retroreflectors
will be dispensed onto the slide. If Norwalk is present on the slide
from the previous protein/antibody bond, the retroreflectors will
bond with it. If not, they will all be washed away when the slide
is rinsed.
An optical device will then shine a strong light on the slide.
If, due to the protein/antibody bond, the retroreflectors remain
on the slide, they will clearly reflect the light, indicating the
presence of Norwalk. If no light is reflected, then no protein/antibody
bond has occurred and the patient does not have the Norwalk virus.
“This process may seem complicated, but it is actually much
simpler than current tests for Norwalk,” Ruchhoeft said. “By
having the virus bridge the cube to the surface, you don’t
need to go through complex sample preparation steps, like extracting
DNA, amplifying it and so forth. You could envision making a system
work at a doctor’s office or at an entry point to the cruise
ship.”
The ease with which Norwalk is spread makes it important to the
field of biodefense, as well, which is a key point with the RCE
helping to fund this research. According to Ruchhoeft, while the
center is certainly interested in a more effective diagnostic tool
for Norwalk, it foresees using this approach for other diseases,
as well.
“If someone else has the antibody for other pathogens, then
we can use it to coat the retroreflectors,” Ruchhoeft said.
“If we’re successful in detecting the Norwalk virus,
it opens up the possibility of creating a similar diagnostic tool
for a variety of other infectious diseases.”
About the University of Houston
The University of Houston, Texas’ premier metropolitan research
and teaching institution, is home to more than 40 research centers
and institutes and sponsors more than 300 partnerships with corporate,
civic and governmental entities. UH, the most diverse research university
in the country, stands at the forefront of education, research and
service with more than 35,000 students.
About the Cullen College of Engineering
UH Cullen College of Engineering has produced five U.S. astronauts,
ten members of the National Academy of Engineering, and degree programs
that have ranked in the top ten nationally. With more than 2,600
students, the college offers accredited undergraduate and graduate
degrees in biomedical, chemical, civil and environmental, electrical
and computer, industrial, and mechanical engineering. It also offers
specialized programs in aerospace, materials, petroleum engineering
and telecommunications.
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